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<title>Preventive state</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Preventive state</span></span>

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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>A <b>preventive state</b> is a type of <a href="Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> or policy enacted by a state in which people deemed potentially dangerous are apprehended, and have their freedom restricted, before being able to commit a <a href="Crime" title="Crime">crime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Janus_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insofar as it differs from passive attempts to prevent criminal behaviour (i.e., <a href="Statute" title="Statute">statutes</a> that regulate behaviour), it has been referred to by Eric S. Janus as "radical prevention".<sup id="cite_ref-Janus_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its opposite is the <a href="Punitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Punitive">punitive</a> state, or any punitive methods, under which criminals are punished after a criminal act has been committed.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the extent that punitive methods often involve incarceration, thereby preventing further crimes being committed by the individual, they can also be considered preventive;<sup id="cite_ref-Steiker_774_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steiker_774-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="Penological" class="mw-redirect" title="Penological">penological</a> theory justifying this is <a href="Incapacitation_(penology)" title="Incapacitation (penology)">incapacitation</a>. Michael L. Rich further defines as the "perfect preventive state" a situation in which targeted criminal conduct is made impossible by the mandates of government.<sup id="cite_ref-Rich_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rich-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>There is a wide scope for the use of preventive methods, which is constantly increased by developing technologies; in-vehicle technology responding to a user's <a href="Blood_alcohol_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood alcohol level">blood alcohol level</a> (BAL) and restricting use; restrictive measures in the infrastructure of the <a href="World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> (i.e., preventing users' being able to illegally download music).<sup id="cite_ref-Rich_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rich-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several countries have deployed them as a means of <a href="Anti-terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-terrorism">anti-terrorism</a> in the wake of terrorist attacks; preventive measures can include intelligence gathering, detention and interrogation.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Suicide_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide terrorism">Suicide terrorism</a> is an example where a more preventive model is required because punishment of the individual after the crime is not possible, especially since most democracies are committed to principles of individual guilt and can not punish friends or relatives for the crimes of the individual.<sup id="cite_ref-dershowitz2008_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dershowitz2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Preventive policies have raised serious concerns about <a href="Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a> and <a href="Freedom_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom (philosophy)">freedom</a> in modern democracies, and continue to generate debate.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div>

<ul><li>The 2002 American film <i><a href="Minority_Report_(film)" title="Minority Report (film)">Minority Report</a></i>, based on the <a href="Philip_K._Dick" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick</a> short story <a href="The_Minority_Report" title="The Minority Report">of the same name</a> is set in the near future when psychics are able to predict criminal acts before they have occurred.</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Crime_prevention" title="Crime prevention">Crime prevention</a></li>

<li><a href="Deradicalization" title="Deradicalization">Deradicalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Pre-crime" title="Pre-crime">Pre-crime</a></li>

<li><a href="Predictive_policing" title="Predictive policing">Predictive policing</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Janus-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Janus_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Janus_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=687165">Social Science Research Network</a> '... the paradigm of governmental social control has shifted from solving and punishing crimes that have been committed, to identifying "dangerous" people and depriving them of their liberty before they can do harm.'</span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6700/is_/ai_n28711705">BNET Articles United Kingdom</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Steiker_774-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Steiker_774_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steiker 774</span>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFRich" class="citation web cs1">Rich, Michael L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/events/criminal_justice/Fall2012/Roundtable_Rich_Perfect_Prevention.authcheckdam.pdf">"Flipping the Murder Switch: The Limits of the Perfect Preventive State"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Bar Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bigthink.com/ideas/3423">Big Think</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-dershowitz2008-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dershowitz2008_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDershowitz2008" class="citation cs2">Dershowitz, Alan M. (2008), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isthererighttore00ders/page/137"><i>Is There A Right To Remain Silent?</i></a></span>, Oxford University Press, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isthererighttore00ders/page/137">137</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-530779-5</bdi></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJanus2006" class="citation book cs1">Janus, Eric S. (2006). <i>Failure to protect: America's sexual predator laws and the rise of the preventive state</i>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8014-7531-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFSteiker1998" class="citation journal cs1">Steiker, Carol S. (1998). "Foreword: The Limits of the Preventive State". <i>The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology</i>. <b>88</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">771–</span>808. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3491352">10.2307/3491352</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3491352">3491352</a>.</cite></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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